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ISTQB CT-AI Prüfungsplan:

Thema	Einzelheiten
Thema 1	Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.
Thema 2	ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.
Thema 3	Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Thema 4	Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Thema 5	ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Thema 6	Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based
Thema 7	Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.
Thema 8	Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Thema 9	Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.
Thema 10	Testing AI-Specific Quality Characteristics: In this section, the topics covered are about the challenges in testing created by the self-learning of AI-based systems.
Thema 11	Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam CT-AI Prüfungsfragen mit Lösungen (Q82-Q87):

82. Frage
The stakeholders of a machine learning model have confirmed that they understand the objective and purpose of the model, and ensured that the proposed model aligns with their business priorities. They have also selected a framework and a machine learning model that they will be using.
What should be the next step to progress along the machine learning workflow?

A. Tune the machine learning algorithm based on objectives and business priorities
B. Agree on defined acceptance criteria for the machine learning model
C. Prepare and pre-process the data that will be used to train and test the model
D. Evaluate the selection of the framework and the model

Antwort: A

Begründung:
Themachine learning (ML) workflowfollows a structured sequence of steps. Once stakeholders have agreed on theobjectives, business priorities, and the framework/model selection, the next logical step is to prepare and pre-process the databefore training the model.
* Data Preparationis crucial becausemachine learning models rely heavily on the quality of input data. Poor data can result in biased, inaccurate, or unreliable models.
* The process involvesdata acquisition, cleaning, transformation, augmentation, and feature engineering.
* Preparing the dataensures it is in the right format, free from errors, and representative of the problem domain, leading to better generalization in training.
* A (Tune the ML Algorithm):Hyperparameter tuning occursafter the model has been trainedand evaluated.
* C (Agree on Acceptance Criteria):Acceptance criteria should already have been defined in theinitial objective-setting phasebefore framework and model selection.
* D (Evaluate the Framework and Model):The selection of the framework and ML model has already been completed. The next step isdata preparation, not reevaluation.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 3.2: ML Workflow - Data Preparation Phase)
* "Data preparation comprises data acquisition, pre-processing, and feature engineering.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) may be performed alongside these activities".
* "The data used to train, tune, and test the model must be representative of the operational data that will be used by the model".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the model selection is complete, thenext step in the ML workflow is to prepare and pre-process the datato ensure it is ready for training and testing. Thus, thecorrect answer is B.

83. Frage
Which ONE of the following options describes a scenario of A/B testing the LEAST?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. A comparison of two different offers in a recommendation system to decide on the more effective offer for same users.
B. A comparison of the performance of an ML system on two different input datasets.
C. A comparison of two different websites for the same company to observe from a user acceptance perspective.
D. A comparison of the performance of two different ML implementations on the same input data.

Antwort: B

Begründung:
A/B testing, also known as split testing, is a method used to compare two versions of a product or system to determine which one performs better. It is widely used in web development, marketing, and machine learning to optimize user experiences and model performance. Here's why option C is the least descriptive of an A/B testing scenario:
Understanding A/B Testing:
In A/B testing, two versions (A and B) of a system or feature are tested against each other. The objective is to measure which version performs better based on predefined metrics such as user engagement, conversion rates, or other performance indicators.
Application in Machine Learning:
In ML systems, A/B testing might involve comparing two different models, algorithms, or system configurations on the same set of data to observe which yields better results.
Why Option C is the Least Descriptive:
Option C describes comparing the performance of an ML system on two different input datasets. This scenario focuses on the input data variation rather than the comparison of system versions or features, which is the essence of A/B testing. A/B testing typically involves a controlled experiment with two versions being tested under the same conditions, not different datasets.
Clarifying the Other Options:
A . A comparison of two different websites for the same company to observe from a user acceptance perspective: This is a classic example of A/B testing where two versions of a website are compared.
B . A comparison of two different offers in a recommendation system to decide on the more effective offer for the same users: This is another example of A/B testing in a recommendation system.
D . A comparison of the performance of two different ML implementations on the same input data: This fits the A/B testing model where two implementations are compared under the same conditions.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 9.4, A/B Testing, explains the methodology and application of A/B testing in various contexts.
"Understanding A/B Testing" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus).

84. Frage
Which of the following aspects is a challenge when handling test data for an AI-based system?

A. Video frame speed or aspect ratio
B. Personal data or confidential data
C. Output data or intermediate data
D. Data frameworks or machine learning frameworks

Antwort: B

Begründung:
Handlingtest datain AI-based systems presents numerous challenges, particularly in terms ofdata privacy and confidentiality. AI models often require vast amounts of training data, some of which may containpersonal, sensitive, or confidential information. Ensuringcompliance with data protection laws (e.g., GDPR, CCPA)and implementingsecure data-handling practicesis a major challenge in AI testing.
* Data Privacy Regulations
* AI-based systems frequently process personal data, such as images, names, and transaction details, leading toprivacy concerns.
* Compliance with regulations such asGDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)andCCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act)requiresproper anonymization, encryption, or redactionof sensitive data before using it for testing.
* Data Security Challenges
* AI models mayleak confidential informationif proper security measures are not in place.
* Protectingtraining and test data from unauthorized accessis crucial to maintainingtrust and compliance.
* Legal and Ethical Considerations
* Organizations mustobtain legal approvalbefore using certain datasets, especially those containinghealth records, financial data, or personally identifiable information (PII).
* Testers may need toemploy synthetic dataordata maskingtechniques to minimize exposure risks.
* (B) Output data or intermediate data#
* While analyzing output data is important, it does notpose a significant challengecompared to handlingpersonal or confidential test data.
* (C) Video frame speed or aspect ratio#
* These aretechnical challengesin processing AI models but do not fall underdata privacy or ethical considerations.
* (D) Data frameworks or machine learning frameworks#
* Choosing an appropriateML framework (e.g., TensorFlow, PyTorch)is important, but it is nota major challenge related to test data handling.
* Handling personal or confidential data is a critical challenge in AI testing"Personal or otherwise confidential data may need special techniques for sanitization, encryption, or redaction.Legal approval for use may also be required." Why is Option A Correct?Why Other Options are Incorrect?References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study GuideThus,option A is the correct answer, asdata privacy and confidentiality are major challenges when handling test data for AI-based systems.

85. Frage
Which ONE of the following options represents a technology MOST TYPICALLY used to implement Al?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Case control structures
B. Genetic algorithms
C. Procedural programming
D. Search engines

Antwort: B

Begründung:
* Technology Most Typically Used to Implement AI: Genetic algorithms are a well-known technique used in AI . They are inspired by the process of natural selection and are used to find approximate solutions to optimization and search problems. Unlike search engines, procedural programming, or case control structures, genetic algorithms are specifically designed for evolving solutions and are commonly employed in AI implementations.
* Reference: ISTQB_CT-AI_Syllabus_v1.0, Section 1.4 AI Technologies, which identifies different technologies used to implement AI.

86. Frage
Which of the following characteristics of AI-based systems make it more difficult to ensure they are safe?

A. Non-determinism
B. Sustainability
C. Simplicity
D. Robustness

Antwort: A

Begründung:
AI-based systems oftenexhibit non-deterministic behavior, meaning theydo not always produce the same output for the same input. This makesensuring safety more difficult, as the system's behavior can change based on new data, environmental factors, or updates.
* Why Non-determinism Affects Safety:
* In traditional software, the same input always produces the same output.
* In AI systems, outputsvary probabilisticallydepending on learned patterns and weights.
* This unpredictability makes itharder to verify correctness, reliability, and safety, especially in critical domains likeautonomous vehicles, medical AI, and industrial automation.
* A (Simplicity):AI-based systems are typicallycomplex, not simple, which contributes to safety challenges.
* B (Sustainability):While sustainability is an important AI consideration, it doesnot directly affect safety.
* D (Robustness):Lack of robustnesscan make AI systems unsafe, butnon-determinism is the primary issuethat complicates safety verification.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 2.8: Safety and AI)
* "The characteristics of AI-based systems that make it more difficult to ensure they are safe include: complexity, non-determinism, probabilistic nature, self-learning, lack of transparency, interpretability and explainability, lack of robustness".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincenon-determinism makes AI behavior unpredictable, complicating safety assurance, thecorrect answer is C.

87. Frage
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